One of the most significant and emotional events in the lives of many women is giving birth. Although vaginal birth is still the most frequent method, cesarean procedures, or C-sections, are now a standard component of contemporary obstetric treatment. These surgical deliveries, whether planned or emergency, may be very important for the mother’s and the child’s safety.

Dr. Anuradha Panda, Senior Consultant Obstetrician and Gynecologist at Apollo Hospitals in Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad, has managed many births. She stresses how important it is for pregnant moms to comprehend the distinctions between elective and emergency C-sections. According to Dr. Panda, a C-section is a surgical operation in which the baby is delivered via incisions made in the uterus and abdomen. “We typically categorize them as either elective, where the surgery is planned ahead of time, or emergency, when we need to take immediate action because of labor complications.”

Reasons for Selecting Elective C-Sections

For some medical or obstetrical reasons, elective C-sections are often scheduled. Twin pregnancies, placental disorders including placenta previa, and malpresentation—such as a breech or transverse baby—are among the most frequent indicators, according to Dr. Panda. “In certain situations, an early delivery is safer because the mother may have a serious medical condition like heart disease or severe preeclampsia, or the baby may be growth-restricted.”

Mothers who have already had a cesarean section are another common situation. “Depending on the state of the uterine scar, women with a history of lower segment cesarean sections—LSCS—may be posted for a repeat procedure,” she continues.

These days, maternal requests also come into play. According to Dr. Panda, “an increasing number of women are requesting planned C-sections, frequently because they want to schedule the date or are afraid of the pain associated with labor.” However, I always make sure they realize that this is still a serious operation. Before undergoing surgery, the benefits and drawbacks must be carefully considered.

When Emergencies Occur

Emergency operations are performed when labor difficulties occur suddenly, as opposed to scheduled C-sections. “The most common triggers are labor that isn’t progressing or fetal distress, which we can detect from the baby’s heart rate,” Dr. Panda explains. “Uterine rupture in women with a history of scarring, cord prolapse, and placental abruption are additional emergencies.”

The safety of the mother and the child comes first in these circumstances. “In the labor room, we obstetricians sometimes have to make quick decisions,” she explains. “Debate is not necessary at this moment. We take action to save lives.

Taking the Myths to Task

There are numerous misconceptions about cesarean deliveries, and Dr. Panda is fully aware of them. She says, “One major misconception is that a C-section is a simpler option than vaginal birth.” Yes, planning is possible and labor-related concerns are avoided, but it’s still a significant operation. Mothers need time to recuperate, control their discomfort, and tend to the wound since recovery might be gradual.

It’s also false to believe that newborns are safer after a C-section. She admits, “They are definitely life-saving in many emergency cases.” However, vaginal birth is still the best option for pregnancies that are healthy and free of difficulties. Overall, there are fewer hazards involved, and the mother will heal more quickly.

The Subsequent Pregnancy Factor

A lot of women are curious about the effects of a C-section on their subsequent pregnancies. Dr. Panda notes that there are consequences associated with the surgical scar left in the uterus. “Scar tissue, or adhesions, may result in complications like placenta previa in the subsequent pregnancy,” she says. “And if the scar isn’t strong enough, uterine rupture is a real risk, even though it’s rare.”

For this reason, all subsequent pregnancies should be handled with caution. According to Dr. Panda, “vaginal birth after cesarean—or VBAC—is an option in selected cases.” However, not everyone can use it. We assess the risks and provide the mother appropriate advice.

An Expanding Pattern

C-section rates have sharply increased in India, particularly in private facilities. “The national average increased from 17.2% to 21.5% between 2016 and 2021, and in urban private sectors, almost one in two deliveries are now cesarean,” Dr. Panda said.

She cites a number of causes for the tendency. “More cautious medical practice, higher referrals of high-risk cases, older maternal age, and IVF pregnancies all contribute,” she adds. “The delivery method is also influenced by the fact that many women are now more educated and participate in the decision-making process.”

A Well-Informed Decision

Ultimately, according to Dr. Panda, there isn’t a single, generally correct way to give birth. She stresses that “every pregnancy is different for every woman.” “Vaginal delivery should not be avoided because of fear of labor pain, especially when epidural analgesia is an option.” She promotes candid communication between physicians and patients. She advises women to participate in the planning process, voice their concerns, and ask questions. “A C-section shouldn’t be chosen carelessly, but it’s also nothing to be afraid of.” Giving birth is a very intimate and complicated process. However, with the correct knowledge and direction from knowledgeable professionals like Dr. Panda, women may feel empowered to make decisions that respect their own and their unborn child’s health.